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Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) still remain a significant problem following an operation and third most frequentlyreported nosocomial infections. SSI contributes significantly to increase health-care costs in terms of prolonged hospital stayand lost working days.Aim: This study aims to study the prevalence, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of surgical site infection.Materials and Methods: In this study, 1570 elective and emergency general surgical cases involving clean and cleancontaminated surgeries were included in the study. An elaborate study of these cases with regard to the date of admission,history, clinical features date of surgery, type of surgery, emergency or elective, pre-operative preparation, and post-operativemanagement is done till the patient is discharged from the hospital and then followed up the patient on OPD basis for anysigns of wound infection.Results: In the present study, the overall post-operative SSI rate in elective clean and clean-contaminated cases is 5.11% andemergency cases is 12.41%. From the above observation, it shows that the superficial SSIs are the most common type andaccounted for about 72.09% in elective and 61.11% in an emergency of all the SSIs and deep surgical site infection accountedfor about 23% in elective and 30.55% in emergency cases. Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were the most commonorganisms isolated in my study in elective and emergency cases, respectively.Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need for the evidence-based infection control and to identify the patients susceptibleto wound infection which helps in reducing the hospital stay and reduces hospital cost.
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Ascending infection of the uterus with Gram-negative bacteria is responsible for postpartum endometritis in cattle and buffalo and can adversely affect fertility. Development of a laboratory animal model for bovine endometritis would facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis as it is difficult to conduct controlled experimentation in the native host. In the present study, 30 virgin Swiss Albino mice [5-8 weeks old] were used to evaluate the pathogenic potential of Escherichia coli, isolated from the normally calved postpartum buffalo to induce endometritis. Mice in the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle were randomly allotted to one of the following four intravaginal inoculation [100 microL] treatments: EG [experimental group]-1: sterile normal saline; EG-2, -3 and -4: E. coli@ 1.5 × 104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml, respectively. The animals were then scarified 36 h post-inoculation to study gross and microscopical lesions. Gross changes were confined to EG-4. Acute endometritis was recorded in 50% of the EG-3 and 66.7% of the EG-4. The rate of acute endometritis development was significantly higher in EG-4 [P<0.05] as compared to the other groups. The present study demonstrated that the animal model for bubaline endometritis can be developed in mice by intravaginal inoculation of E. coli@ 1.5 × 106 CFU/ml at diestrus. Ease of intravaginal inoculation, apparent absence of systemic involvement and high infective rate are the advantages of the model over other studies
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Pyrethroids are a class of neurotoxic pesticides with high selectivity for insects. Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide used to protect a variety of crops. Fenvalerate has been reported to exert deleterious effects on non target organisms including mammals. Recently, Fenvalerate was reported to cause liver damage in rats probably by generating oxidative stress while Quercetin, a potential antioxidant, has been reported to posses hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to assess the ability of Quercetin to protect liver from Fenvalerate induced toxicity. In the present investigation an effort was made to evaluate the effect of Quercetin and Fenvalerate on hepatic G 6PD, GST and GR. Fenvalerate administration demonstrated significant reduction in the activities of hepatic G-6-PD, GST and GR while rats co treated with Quercetin showed significant recovery in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes.
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the immunostimulant potential of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus). Formulated diets with different concentrations of ethanolic extract of N.nucifera (D1=0%, D2=1% and D3=2%) were fed to Cirrhinus mrigala for 40 days, the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were calculated significant increase was observed in SGR &FCR. Then the experimental fishes were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and after 5 days the haematological parameters like Total Erythrocyte count (TEC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Total leucocyte count (TLC), Differential leucocyte count (DLC), serum total protein, serum albumin and globulin levels were analyzed. The TEC, Hb, TLC, Lymphocytes and monocyte counts increased significantly in D3 diet fed fishes. Highly significant increase was observed in serum total protein and albumin levels only. Globulin levels remain unchanged. Basophil and Eosinophil counts decreased significantly. Thus N.nucifera in fish feed preparations may be included as growth promoter and immunostimulator.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo transdermal potential of bioadhesive gels of ketoprofen by using gelling polymers like sodium carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum, poloxamer 407 and carbopol 934P as bioadhesive polymer with and without penetration enhancer [oleic acid]. The effect of oleic acid as a penetration enhancer was examined when it was added to the bioadhesive formulations. Gels were evaluated for bioadhesive force and viscosity. To study the in vitro potential of these formulations, permeation studies were performed with Franz diffusion cell using excised rat abdominal skin. Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model was used to investigate their in vivo performance. The commercial formulation of ketoprofen was used as a reference formulation. The in vitro permeation studies indicate that ketoprofen bioadhesive gel of poloxamer 407 with penetration enhancer was superior to gels of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum with penetration enhancer [oleic acid]. The permeation rate of ketoprofen from poloxamer 407 based bioadhesive gel with 15% v/w penetration enhancer was higher [rat abdominal skin flux = 0.421b 0.032 mg/cm2/h] than the permeation rate of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum based bioadhesive gel with 15% v/w penetration enhancer. In the paw edema test poloxamer 407 based bioadhesive gel with 15% v/w penetration enhancer showed the best permeation and effectiveness. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bioadhesive gels of ketoprofen could be used for effective therapy
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Animals, Laboratory , Drug Delivery Systems , Polymers/chemical synthesis , Polymers/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Cutaneous , Gels , RatsABSTRACT
Pyogenic granuloma is an exuberant fibro-epithelial reaction to chronic inflammation or local irritation. Two cases of a recurring maturing pyogenic granuloma in children have been reported in this article